{"id":7779,"date":"2025-11-29T05:52:57","date_gmt":"2025-11-29T04:52:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/web-dev-weissblau.de\/microconsult\/?p=7779"},"modified":"2026-02-13T16:16:41","modified_gmt":"2026-02-13T15:16:41","slug":"behavior-driven-testing-and-automatic-unit-test-generation","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.microconsult.de\/en\/behaviour-driven-testing-und-automatische-unit-test-generierung\/","title":{"rendered":"Behavior-driven testing and automatic unit test generation"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>Greater efficiency in testing<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\" align=\"center\">Author: Johannes Bergsmann, Software Quality Lab<\/p>\n<h3>Contribution \u2013 Embedded Software Engineering Congress 2018<\/h3>\n<div class=\"WordSection1\">\n<p><strong>In many development organizations, a gap exists between the business department and test automation. Business departments often specify tests functionally, lacking details about behavior. Conversely, business testers often don&#039;t understand the implementation of automated tests due to a lack of developer expertise. Very often, too few tests are specified and automated, and the resulting test coverage is sometimes negligently low. Behavior-Driven Testing (BDT) is a technique from agile development that closes precisely this gap between business testers and automation specialists. As a complement to a structured test automation approach (such as BDT), it is often also beneficial to automatically fill the test gaps with generated unit tests.<\/strong><\/p>\n<h2>Test Driven Development (TDD) as a precursor to BDT<\/h2>\n<p>Michael Feathers is one of the &quot;gurus&quot; in software development and coined the phrase a long time ago:<\/p>\n<p><em>\u201e&quot;I don&#039;t care how good you think your design is. If I\u00a0<strong>can&#039;t<\/strong>\u00a0walk in and\u00a0<strong>write a test<\/strong>\u00a0for an arbitrary method of yours\u00a0<strong>in five minutes<\/strong>\u00a0it&#039;s not as good as you think it is, \u2026<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>\u2026 and whether you know it or not,\u00a0<strong>you&#039;re paying a price<\/strong>\u00a0<strong>for it!<\/strong>\u201e<\/em><\/p>\n<p>This quote emphasizes that understanding a program (e.g., for a tester) becomes easier and better the better it is structured. This, of course, also positively influences the overall quality of the software.<\/p>\n<p>To ensure understanding and software quality as early as possible, it is therefore advisable to involve testers at a very early stage of software development. Ideally, even before the first line of code is written. This approach is called &quot;test-driven software development&quot;.<\/p>\n<p>Here, a developer or a tester\/test automation specialist with the appropriate skills specifies and ideally automates the test cases necessary for testing the desired software BEFORE programming begins. Theoretically, test-driven software development (TDD) is also possible without test automation. However, this approach is very inefficient. Therefore, TDD almost exclusively uses automated tests.<\/p>\n<p>The described and automated test cases can also be considered a (detailed) requirements specification. Test cases are essentially just another form of specified requirements for the software.<\/p>\n<p>TDD can be applied at several levels:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Small-scale testing (through unit tests) and<\/li>\n<li>Large-scale testing (through integration and system tests)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"WordSection2\">See Fig. 1 in the\u00a0<a title=\"Technical information_ESE_unit-test-generation_quality-lab_bergsmann\" href=\"https:\/\/www.microconsult.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/fachinfo_ese_unit-test-generierung_quality-lab_bergsmann.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">PDF\u00a0<\/a>\u2013 Basic process of Test Driven Development<br \/>\nThe goal of TDD is to create testable and maintainable code from the outset and to increase test coverage. Another advantage is that in (agile) projects, where explicit requirements specifications are often lacking, the software requirements are well-defined and even automatically verifiable through the use of test cases.<strong>The advantages of TDD are:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The quality of development will be improved.<\/li>\n<li>Test coverage is increased<\/li>\n<li>There is a better basis for sprint acceptance (test = requirements).<\/li>\n<li>Efficiency in the sprint is increased.<\/li>\n<li>A &quot;live&quot; (test) specification is created.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>However, there are also some challenges:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>TDD alone does not create good requirements and code. Some things cannot be automated as tests in advance (usability, system context, process modeling, architecture, etc.).<\/li>\n<li>A very high level of discipline is required!<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><strong><br \/>\n<\/strong>Behavior Driven Development (BDD) or Behavior Driven Testing BDT<\/h2>\n<p>BDD is a variant of TDD. This method was developed by Dan North in 2003 as a response to Test-Driven Development. The reason was that unit tests are difficult to read for business users, who often lack developer expertise.<\/p>\n<p>The motivation behind BDD is that user stories, as a widely used form of specification in agile projects, very often only describe the requirements for software functionally. Therefore, Behavior Driven Development \u2013 as the name suggests \u2013 aims to introduce a stronger behavioral and process-oriented perspective.<\/p>\n<p>The idea behind BDT is that the user stories should now also be supplemented from the testers&#039; point of view by behavior-oriented test descriptions in a simple but structured form, so that the tests can then be easily automated.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"WordSection3\">\n<p>The description should be written in natural language, be easily understandable and readable. This makes it possible for non-programmers to create &quot;code&quot; for automated testing.<\/p>\n<p>See Fig. 2 in the\u00a0<a title=\"Technical information_ESE_unit-test-generation_quality-lab_bergsmann\" href=\"https:\/\/www.microconsult.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/fachinfo_ese_unit-test-generierung_quality-lab_bergsmann.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">PDF\u00a0<\/a>\u2013Structure of the specification in Behaviour Driven Development (BDD)<\/p>\n<p><strong>The process at BDD is as follows:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The department or product owner creates user stories as before.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>In addition to a user story, the behavior is now also described in the form of a &quot;scenario&quot;.<\/li>\n<li>A scenario begins with a precondition, which can consist of one or more &quot;steps&quot;.<\/li>\n<li>A &quot;step&quot; is a related element that can be used repeatedly and can contain part of a test case (e.g., an input or output, or an action).<\/li>\n<li>If the prerequisites are met, the next step is to initiate the &quot;action&quot; (or trigger).<\/li>\n<li>This then leads in the third step to the &quot;postcondition&quot; (or result) of the action.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>These steps describe a part of a software program both functionally and in terms of its behavior.<\/p>\n<p>This makes it very easy to derive the test cases. From the example shown above, the tests can be derived as follows:<\/p>\n<table border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" width=\"104\">Trigger<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" width=\"141\">precondition<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" width=\"121\">precondition<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" width=\"163\">Postcondition<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" width=\"104\"><\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" width=\"141\">(Input)<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" width=\"121\">(Input)<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" width=\"163\">(Expected result)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" width=\"104\"><\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" width=\"141\">Step 1<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" width=\"121\">Step 2<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" width=\"163\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" width=\"104\">Press Add<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" width=\"141\">50<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" width=\"121\">70<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" width=\"163\">120<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>By parameterizing the steps, any combination of test data can be used for test execution, thus enabling standard cases, limit values, and error cases to be tested with an abstract test case.<\/p>\n<p>To enable the automation of tests specified in prose, there are specific BDD frameworks and BDD tools that support this approach. The following example uses the tool &quot;Cucumber&quot;:<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"WordSection4\">See Fig. 3 in the\u00a0<a title=\"Technical information_ESE_unit-test-generation_quality-lab_bergsmann\" href=\"https:\/\/www.microconsult.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/fachinfo_ese_unit-test-generierung_quality-lab_bergsmann.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">PDF\u00a0<\/a>\u2013 Behaviour Driven Development (BDD) using Cucumber as an example<\/div>\n<div class=\"WordSection4\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"WordSection4\">\n<p>BDD is an interesting approach that attempts to achieve better coupling between the stakeholders (subject matter experts, testers and developers).<\/p>\n<p>The automated regression tests created in this process provide rapid feedback, leading to a &quot;living&quot; specification and documentation of the system.<\/p>\n<p><strong>However, there are also some challenges here:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The subject matter experts typically work with other tools (e.g., test management tools).<\/li>\n<li>There is usually no tool-supported direct link between test specifications and automation code, which makes it difficult to ensure consistency between test cases and test code. The code calls (steps) used in BDD tools are often created text-based, without directly linking them to the generated test automation code in the specification environment. As a result, any typo (whether made by the tester or the automation engineer) creates a gap in the logic and breaks the automation. There is clearly room for improvement in these tools.<\/li>\n<li>The tools currently available on the market are, without additions, primarily suitable for development-related tests (unit\/component level) and hardly suitable for system tests.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>In general, however, BDD\/BDT can be considered an interesting approach that is becoming increasingly widespread in practice. The gap between business testers and test automation engineers can be significantly reduced, and with appropriate integration of available frameworks (test management tool with automation environment and BDD tool), this gap can also be closed technically within the tools themselves.<\/p>\n<h2>Automatic Unit Test Generation<\/h2>\n<p>The increasing complexity of systems means that more and more tests are necessary to ensure that these systems meet the state of the art and to reduce liability towards clients in the event of errors.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"WordSection5\">\n<p>In parallel, the development of these systems requires an increasing number of software developers, who are currently not available on the job market to the required extent and may have to be purchased externally, which makes development more expensive.<\/p>\n<p>Due to increasing system complexity, developers must also dedicate more and more time to securing the system through appropriate unit tests (approximately 20-301 TP3T of development time is spent on unit test creation). This slows down the actual development process. If this results in delayed product launches, it leads to significant revenue losses.<\/p>\n<p>The functional coverage achieved through testing is often much lower than necessary.<\/p>\n<p>A simple branching example (see graphic).\u00a0<a title=\"Technical information_ESE_unit-test-generation_quality-lab_bergsmann\" href=\"https:\/\/www.microconsult.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/fachinfo_ese_unit-test-generierung_quality-lab_bergsmann.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">PDF<\/a>Here, the developer typically writes two tests, one following the left path and one following the right. This achieves 100% code coverage, and most developers are satisfied with that.<\/p>\n<p>However, to properly test the branching in the graphic, at least 14 test cases are necessary:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Each (individual) condition must be tested separately (4 normal test cases)<\/li>\n<li>Threshold values (upper\/lower) of the two conditions (4 further test cases)<\/li>\n<li>Error tests outside the upper and lower bounds, as well as within the bounds with error values (6 additional test cases)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Creating (unit) tests is therefore becoming increasingly time-consuming and expensive! It is therefore necessary to automate the test creation process wherever possible.<\/p>\n<p>The following presents an approach that allows a large portion of the unit tests, which are often still created manually today, to be created automatically.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Technical implementation:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>See figure in the\u00a0<strong><a title=\"Technical information_ESE_unit-test-generation_quality-lab_bergsmann\" href=\"https:\/\/www.microconsult.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/fachinfo_ese_unit-test-generierung_quality-lab_bergsmann.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">PDF<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><strong>Process:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>The developer produces code that, from their perspective, is suitable (they find no more errors). The programmer then submits this code to the code management system.<\/li>\n<li>The submitted code is read by a parser (a program for code analysis), which creates an intermediate model of the software. This intermediate model contains all test-relevant elements (input, output, loops, branches, etc.) and their relationships.<\/li>\n<li>This model uses a test generator as a basis to generate meaningful unit tests with high functional coverage for the program code.<\/li>\n<li>The unit tests are generated in a format appropriate to the respective programming language and can then be further processed in the programming environment as if they had been created manually by the developer.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Developers can still create a few unit tests that are helpful for understanding the software or that cannot be automated. The unit test code generator then automatically improves the code coverage with appropriate tests.<\/p>\n<h2>Summary<\/h2>\n<p>Test-Driven Development (TDD) is a good approach to improving development quality. However, it requires a very high level of discipline! Furthermore, the automated tests, which are often created by developers themselves, are frequently difficult or impossible for subject matter experts to read.<\/p>\n<p>Furthermore, it was recognized that user stories are often specified too functionally, lacking a behavioral and process perspective. Therefore, Behavior Driven Development (BDD) was developed as a variant of TDD. BDD is very promising for collaboration between subject matter testers and technical analysis and focuses on the software&#039;s behavior. The tester&#039;s perspective is seamlessly integrated with test automation through appropriate tools.<\/p>\n<p>Due to the increasing complexity of modern systems and the shortage of software developers, unit tests are often insufficient for security purposes. This gap cannot usually be adequately addressed by manually creating unit tests, due to cost considerations. Therefore, it is necessary to implement approaches for the automated validation of generated source code. However, existing tools typically lack this capability. At Software Quality Lab, in collaboration with the Vienna University of Technology, an innovative approach to the automated generation of test code is being researched and implemented.<\/p>\n<p><a title=\"Technical information_ESE_unit-test-generation_quality-lab_bergsmann\" href=\"https:\/\/www.microconsult.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/fachinfo_ese_unit-test-generierung_quality-lab_bergsmann.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Download the article as a PDF<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>Testing, Quality &amp; Debugging \u2013 Our Training &amp; Coaching<\/h2>\n<p><strong>Do you want to bring yourself up to date with the latest technology?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Then find out more\u00a0<a title=\"Test &amp; Debug Training and Coaching\" href=\"https:\/\/www.microconsult.de\/en\/all-training-dates-complete-overview\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>here<\/strong>\u00a0<\/a>MircoConsult offers training courses\/seminars\/workshops and individual coaching on the topics of testing, quality &amp; debugging.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Training &amp; coaching on the other topics in our portfolio can be found here.\u00a0<a title=\"Training &amp; Consulting - all topics\" href=\"https:\/\/www.microconsult.de\/en\/training-beratung\/\">here<\/a>.<\/strong><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>Testing, Quality &amp; Debug \u2013 Expertise<\/h2>\n<p>Valuable expertise on the topics of testing, quality &amp; debugging is available.\u00a0<a title=\"Test and Debug\" href=\"https:\/\/www.microconsult.de\/en\/test-and-debug\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>here<\/strong>\u00a0<\/a>Available for you to download free of charge.<\/p>\n<p><a title=\"Test and Debug\" href=\"https:\/\/www.microconsult.de\/en\/test-and-debug\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>To the specialist information<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>You can find expertise on other topics in our portfolio here. <a title=\"Technical information\" href=\"https:\/\/www.microconsult.de\/en\/specialist-knowledge\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here<\/a>.<\/strong><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Mehr Effizienz im Testen Autor: Johannes Bergsmann, Software Quality Lab Beitrag &#8211; Embedded Software Engineering Kongress 2018 In vielen Entwicklungsorganisationen existiert eine L\u00fccke zwischen der Fachabteilung und der Testautomatisierung. Der Fachbereich spezifiziert Tests oft funktional. Es fehlen hier oft Details zum Verhalten. Umgekehrt wird die Implementierung der automatischen Tests durch den Fachtester oft mangels Entwickler-Knowhow [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7779","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.9 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Behaviour Driven Testing und automatische Unit-Test-Generierung - MicroConsult Academy GmbH<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.microconsult.de\/en\/behavior-driven-testing-and-automatic-unit-test-generation\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Behaviour Driven Testing und automatische Unit-Test-Generierung - MicroConsult Academy GmbH\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Mehr Effizienz im Testen Autor: Johannes Bergsmann, Software Quality Lab Beitrag &#8211; Embedded Software Engineering Kongress 2018 In vielen Entwicklungsorganisationen existiert eine L\u00fccke zwischen der Fachabteilung und der Testautomatisierung. 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Der Fachbereich spezifiziert Tests oft funktional. Es fehlen hier oft Details zum Verhalten. 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